麻豆社madou

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PFAS 'forever chemicals' above drinking water guidelines in global source water

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Sherry Landow
Sherry Landow,

We鈥檙e likely underestimating the future impact of PFAS in the environment, a new 麻豆社madou Sydney-led study shows.

Per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances 鈥 commonly known as PFAS 鈥 are a group of over 14,000 human-made chemicals that have been popular since the 1950s for their diverse uses in resisting heat, water, grease and stains.聽聽

They鈥檝e been commonly found in household products like non-stick frying pans, clothing, cosmetics, insecticides, and food packaging, as well as specialty industry products, like firefighting foam.聽

But despite their broad skillset, the chemicals have a dark side: they鈥檙e known as 鈥榝orever chemicals鈥 because once they鈥檙e in the environment 鈥 or our bodies 鈥 they don鈥檛 degrade further.聽聽

PFAS have been linked to environmental and health issues, including some cancers, but a lot remains unknown about the true scale and potential impacts of the problem 鈥 including how much is in our water supply.聽

A new 麻豆社madou-led international study, published today in , assessed the levels of PFAS contamination in surface and ground water around the globe.聽聽

It found that much of our global source water exceeds PFAS safe drinking limits.聽

鈥淢any of our source waters are above PFAS regulatory limits,鈥 says senior author of the study, 麻豆社madou Engineering Professor Denis O鈥機arroll.聽

鈥淲e already knew that PFAS is pervasive in the environment, but I was surprised to find out the large fraction of source waters that are above drinking water advisory recommendations,鈥 he says.

鈥淲e're talking above 5 per cent, and it goes over 50 per cent in some cases.鈥澛

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This is the first study to quantify the environmental burden of PFAS on a global scale. Photo: Getty Images/500px Prime.

The research team pulled together PFAS measurements from sources around the world, including government reports, databases, and peer-reviewed literature. Altogether, they collated more than 45,000 data points, which span roughly 20 years. 聽

It鈥檚 the first study to quantify the environmental burden of PFAS on a global scale.

The study also found high concentrations of PFAS in Australia, with many locations above recommended drinking water levels. This tended to be in areas where firefighting foams had been used in the past, such as military institutions and fire training facilities. 聽

Prof. O鈥機arroll stresses that these PFAS traces are found in source water, such as dams, and not drinking water itself 鈥 drinking water goes through treatment plants, some of which are designed to reduce the amount of chemicals such as PFAS in our water before it comes out of the tap. 聽

But some water providers 鈥 for example, Sydney Water 鈥 don鈥檛 routinely measure the broad range of PFAS potentially in our drinking water, says Prof. O鈥機arroll.

鈥淒rinking water is largely safe, and I don't hesitate drinking it,鈥 he says. 鈥淚 also don鈥檛 suggest that bottled water is better, because it doesn鈥檛 mean that they鈥檝e done anything differently than what comes out of the tap.

鈥淏ut I certainly think that monitoring PFAS levels and making the data easily available is worthwhile.鈥

High concentrations of PFAS have been found in Australia, with many locations above recommended drinking water levels. These tended to be in areas where firefighting foams had been used in the past, like military institutions and fire training facilities. Photo: Getty Images/iStockphoto.

A contentious debate: how much PFAS is too much?

Most people in Australia 鈥 and in many places around the world 鈥 are likely to have low levels of PFAS in their bodies.聽

But the potential health risks of PFAS chemicals are poorly understood and haven鈥檛 been agreed on universally.聽

According to an Australian Government expert health panel, there is 鈥 although further afield, peak bodies in the and suggest that PFAS is linked to adverse health outcomes, such as lower birth weight in babies, higher levels of cholesterol, reduced kidney function, thyroid disease, altered sex鈥痟ormone levels, reduced vaccine response, and liver, kidney, and testicular cancers.

In 2023, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared PFOA, a type of PFAS, a category one human carcinogen.聽

While PFAS has been linked to many of these health outcomes, they haven鈥檛 necessarily been shown to cause them 鈥 but given the potential risks and 鈥榝orever鈥 nature of these chemicals, many regulatory bodies have tightened PFAS use and introduced safe drinking water limits as a precaution.

鈥淭wo forms of PFAS initially raised of concerns about 20 years ago: PFOS and PFOA,鈥 says Prof. O鈥機arroll.聽

鈥淭hese chemicals are regulated to different extents around the world. In the US, the proposed drinking water limits for PFOS and PFOA are four nanograms per litre.鈥

A third PFAS is also regulated in Australia, called PFHxS. Here, the sum of PFOS and PFHxS is limited to 70 nanograms per litre 鈥 well above the four nanograms per litre combined PFOS and PFOA limit in the US.聽

But our acceptable levels for PFOA in drinking water is even higher.聽

鈥淧FOA, on the other hand, is regulated in Australia at 560 nanograms per litre, which is two orders of magnitude higher than in the US,鈥 says Prof. O鈥機arroll.聽

We鈥檙e likely underestimating the environmental burden posed by PFAS.
Prof. Denis O'Carroll

While Australia鈥檚 limits seem relaxed compared to the US, both countries鈥 recommended drinking water guidelines pale when compared to Canada鈥檚: here, rather than limiting only two or three forms of PFAS in drinking water, Canada tallies up the sum of all 14,000 PFAS and limits the overall number to 30 nanograms per litre.

The study found that 69 per cent of global groundwater samples with no known contamination source exceeded Health Canada鈥檚 safe drinking water criteria, while 32 per cent of the same samples exceeded the US鈥檚 proposed drinking water hazard index.聽

鈥淭here鈥檚 debate about what level PFAS should be regulated to,鈥 says Prof. O鈥機arroll. 鈥淎ustralia has much higher limits than the US, but the question is why.

鈥淏oth health bodies would have different reasoning for that, and there鈥檚 not a really strong consensus here.鈥澛

PFAS has been found in common household items, like cosmetics and dental floss. Most people in Australia are likely to have low levels of PFAS in their bodies 鈥 but the health implications aren't universally agreed on. Photo: Getty Images/iStockphoto.

An underestimated risk

The study suggests that actual PFAS pollution in global water resources could be higher than suspected.聽

This is, in part, due to us only monitoring and regulating a limited number of the 14,000 PFAS in existence, and also because the levels of PFAS in consumer products are higher than expected.

鈥淭here鈥檚 a real unknown amount of PFAS that we鈥檙e not measuring in the environment,鈥 says Prof. O鈥機arroll. 鈥淐ommercial products like garments and food packaging have a lot more PFAS in them than we realise.聽聽

鈥淭his means we鈥檙e likely underestimating the environmental burden posed by PFAS.鈥

Prof. O鈥機arroll and his team are now trying to develop their research by quantifying these levels of PFAS from commercial products in the environment.聽聽

They鈥檙e also working to develop technologies that can degrade PFAS in drinking water systems, and looking at developing predictive models that determine where PFAS will go in the environment.

鈥淧art of this is figuring out how PFAS will associate with different parts of the environment and our bodies 鈥 proteins, for example,鈥 says Prof. O鈥機arroll.聽

These studies will be in progress over the next two years and aim to be completed by 2026.

In the meantime, Prof. O鈥機arroll says manufacturers and consumers alike need to be careful and do our due diligence when using products containing PFAS.聽

鈥淲e manufacture and distribute a lot of chemicals without having a full assessment on their potential health impacts,鈥 he says.

鈥淲e should have judicious use of some of these chemicals. Just because they鈥檙e available, doesn't mean that we should use them.鈥